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IPv4 and IPv6

IP (INTERNET PROTOCOL) ADDRESS
  • The IP address is a numeric address.
  • It is a network layer address (Layer 3).
  • It's an identifier for a computer or device on a network.
  • Every device has to have an IP address for communication purposes.
  • The IP address consists of 2 parts: the first part is the network address and the second part is the host address.
  • There are also two types of IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6.
IPv4
  • IPv4 is the current version of IP addresses.
  • It's a 32-bit numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods. 66.99.324.13 ⟶ Octet
  • The number range in each octet is 0 – 255.
  • This address version can produce over 4,294,967,296 unique addresses.
  • Computers and networks don't read IP addresses in the standard numeric format. 66 . 94 . 29 . 13
  • They only understand numbers in a binary format.
  • Binary numbers only use 1's and 0's.
  • So, the computer will convert numeric format to binary format.               66.94.29.13 ⟶ 01000010 . 01011110 . 00011101 . 00001101
Techniques to reduce address shortage in IPv4
  • Subnetting
  • Classless inter-domain routing (CIDR)
  • Network Address Translation (NAT)
How to convert numeric format to binary format?

                                    8 Bit Octet Chart

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1
  1. Now, we can write 66 from the above table  as 64 + 2 = 66
So, write 1 in place of 64 and 2 and write 0 in place of others,

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0
Hence binary format of 66 is 01000010

2.     Similarly we can write 94 from the above table as 64 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 =94

So, write 1 in place of 64,16,8,4,2 and write 0 in place of others,

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

0
Hence binary format of 94  is 01011110

3.     Similarly we can write 29 from the above table as 16 + 8 + 4 + 1 =29

So, write 1 in place of 16,8,4,1 and write 0 in place of others,

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1
Hence binary format of 29  is 00011101

4.     Similarly we can write 13 from the above table as 8 + 4 + 1 =13

So, write 1 in place of 8,4,1 and write 0 in place of others,

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1
Hence binary format of 13 is 00001101

IPv4 header Format:

  • Version: The four-bit field is set to binary 0100 for IPv4 or binary 0110 for IPv6.
  • Header length: It tells the number of 32-bit words in the header.
  • Type of Service (ToS): Used to carry information about the quality of service.
  • Total Length: define the length of the entire IP address.
  • Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN): Carries information about the congestion seen in the route.
  • Identifiers: The identification field is used for uniquely identifying fragments of an original IP datagram.
  • Fragment Offset: The fragment offset field is 13 bits long.
  • Protocol: indicate the protocol used in the data portion of the IP datagram.
  • Header Checksum: used for error-checking of the header (16 bit).
  • Source address:  indicate the IP address of the source of the packet.
  • Destination address: indicates the IP address of the receiver of the packet.
  • Flag: A 3bit field is used to control and identify fragments. They are:
  1. Bit 0: Reserved; must be zero.
  2. Bit 1: Don't Fragment (DF)
  3. Bit 2: More Fragments (MF)
  • Time To Live (TTL): indicates the maximum time for which a datagram is allowed to remain in the internet system.
  • Options: This is an optional field reserved for future use.
Network Address Translation:
  • NAT stands for Network Address Translation or Network Address Translator.
  • Network Address Translation is the process where a network device (like a firewall) assigns a public address to a computer inside a private network.
  • In NAT, the private address range is used i.e. 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255.

IPv6
Introduction:
  • It is a network layer protocol that provides an identification and location of computers on networks and routes the traffic across the Internet.
  • IPV6 is introduced by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 1998.
  • It was introduced to replace the widely used |Pv4 addresses that are considered as the backbone of the modern Internet.
  • In 2004, Japan and Korea were first in public deployments of IPv6.
  • Support 128-bit long source and destination addresses.
  • Simplified address header by moving all unnecessary information.
  • Provide end to end connectivity.
  • Faster forwarding/routing due to less detail at the header.
  • It has IPSec security, which makes it more secure than IPv4.
  • Use multicast to communicate with multiple hosts (Does not support broadcast)
  • Use Anycast mode for packet routing is introduced.
  • It enables hosts to roam in a different geographical area and remain connected with the same IP address.
  • Support smooth transition.
  • It uses 6 bits DSCP and 2 bits ECN to provide better Quality of Service.
  • IP version 6 is the next generation of IP addresses.
  • 128-bit hexadecimal address.
  • Hexadecimal uses both numbers and alphabets. 76DC : 4F59 : 34CF : 72CD : 9DC6 : 89CD : 45D6 : 67A1
  • IP version 6 can produce an unbelievable 340 undecillion IP addresses.
Why we need IPv6 IP address?
  • To make communication possible every device which is connected to the internet gets a unique number known as an IP address.
  • Internet addressing system IPv4 has a capacity for about 4.23 billion IP addresses.
  • The problem arises with the increase in the number of new devices like computers, smartphones, TVs, smartwatches, cars, etc these addresses are not enough to meet the demand for new devices.
  • IPv4 is of 32 bits address, it can provide 2^32 IP addresses.
  • 2^32 = 4294967296 =4.2 billion
  • To overcome this limitation IPv6 Addresses are introduced.
  • IPv6 is of 128 bits which is 4 times the IPv4 in bits size.
  • 2^128= (approx.) 340 trillion IP addresses
  • Thus, this is the reason for the deployment of IPv6 addresses.
IPv6 Header Format:

  • Version: 4 bit long and remain constant i.e 6 orbit sequence 0110.
  • Traffic Class: 8 bit long. This field holds two values i.e DS and ECN.
  • Flow Label: used for giving real-time applications service and also help to detect spoofed packets (20 bit).
  • Payload Length: When a Hop-by-Hop extension header holds a Jumbo Payload option then the length is set to zero (16 bit).
  • Next Header: Specifies the type of the next header (8 Bit).
  • Hop Limit: specifies how many numbers of devices can be visited by a packet. This field replaces the time to live field of IPv4.(8 bit)
  • Source Address: indicate the IP address of the source node. (128 bit)
  • Destination Address: indicate the IP address of the destination node. (128 bit)

Type of IPv6 address

  • Unicast Address
  • Multicast Address
  • Anycast Address

Note: IPv6 doesn't use a broadcast address.

Unicast address:

  • Unicast is a type of communication where data is sent from one computer to another computer in a network.
  • A unicast address uniquely identifies an interface of an IPv6 node.
  • Example of IPv6 Unicast type of network communication: Browsing a website, Downloading a file from an FTP Server, etc.

Multicast Address:

  • Multicast is a type of communication where data is sent to a group of devices in the network.
  • A multicast address identifies a group of IPv6 interfaces.
  • IPV6 multicast data is sent to a group and only members of that group receive the multicast data.
  • For example online TV

Anycast Address:

  • An anycast address is assigned to multiple interfaces.
  • In  Anycast, the packets are routed to the nearest device or interface from a group.
  • For example: used in the content delivery network (CDN)

Advantages of IPv6:

  • Larger address space.
  • No more need for NAT.
  • The simpler header for increased router efficiency.
  • Aggregation-based address hierarchy.
  • No more broadcasts.
  • Stateless auto-configuration.
  • Built-in support for Mobile IP.
  • Built-in support for IPsec security.
  • Rich transition features.
  • Easy IP address renumbering.
  • Capability to have multiple addresses per interface.

Comparison of IPv4 & IPv6: 

Address length = 32 bits (4 bytes)

Address Length = 128 bits (16 bytes)

The header includes a checksum and options.

A checksum is not included in the header and optional data is moved to extension header.

Fragmentation is performed by routers and sending hosts.

Fragmentation is only done by sending hosts.

IGMP is used to manage the local subnet group level.

IGMP is replaced with a multicast listener discovery (MLD) message.

Configured manually or through DHCP.

Doesn't require manual configuration or DHCP.

Support 576-byte packet size (fragmented).

Support 1280 bytes of a packet size (not fragmented).

IPsec support is optional

End to end IPsec support is
Necessary.

ICMP Router Discovery is used

ICMPv6 Router solicitation and Router advertisement messages are used.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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