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Computer Network : Layered Architecture

Layered Architecture Protocol Hierarchy To tackle with the design complexity most of the networks are organize as a set of layers or levels. The fundamental idea of layered architecture is to divide the design into small pieces. The layering provides modularity to the network design. The main duty of each layer is to provide offer services to higher layers, and provide abstraction. The main benefits of layered architecture are modularity and clear interfaces. Five Layered Network Design Issues:  Layered architecture in computer network design  Layered architectures have several advantages. Some of them are,   Modularity and clear interface   Provide flexibility to modify network services   Ensure independence of layers   Management of network architecture is easy   Each layer can be ...

Can coronavirus spread through mosquitoes?

  Can coronavirus spread through mosquitoes? Scientists have confirmed for the first time that the novel coronavirus behind the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be transmitted to people by mosquitoes , a finding that adds evidence to WHO claims that the disease is not mosquito-borne. The research, published in the journal Scientific Reports, provided the first experimental evidence on the capacity of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 disease, to infect and be transmitted by mosquitoes. "Here we provide the first experimental data to investigate the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 to infect and be transmitted by mosquitoes," the study noted. "While the World Health Organization (WHO) has definitively stated that mosquitoes cannot transmit the virus, our study is the first to provide conclusive data supporting the theory," said Stephen Higgs, a co-author of the research from Kansas State University in the US. According to the study, conducted at the university...

Computer Network : ISO-OSI Reference Model

ISO-OSI Reference Model Principal of OSI Reference Model The OSI reference model has 7 layers. The principles that were applied to arrive at the seven layers can be briefly summarized as   follows: A layer should be created where a different abstraction is needed. Each layer should perform a well-defined function. The function of each layer should be chosen with an eye toward defining internationally standardized protocols. The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the information flow across the interface The  number   of  layers  should   be   large   enough   that   distinct functions    need   not  be   thrown together    in the same layer out of necessity and small enough that architecture does not become unmanageble. Feature of OSI Model: Big picture of communication over network is understandable thr...

Topology-Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring and Hybrid

Computer Network Topology – Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring and Hybrid Geometric representation of how the computers are connected to each other is known as topology. There are five types of topology – Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring and Hybrid. Types of Topology There are five types of topology in computer networks: 1. Mesh Topology 2. Star Topology 3. Bus Topology 4. Ring Topology 5. Hybrid Topology Mesh Topology In mesh topology each device is connected to every other device on the network through a dedicated point-to-point link. When we say dedicated it means that the link only carries data for the two connected devices only. Lets say we have n devices in the network then each device must be connected with (n-1) devices of the network. Number of links in a mesh topology of n devices would be n(n-1)/2. Advantages of Mesh topology 1. No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between two devices which means the link is only available for those two devices. 2. Mesh topolog...

Data link layer :Mac sub-layer, MAC Addressing,MAC vs IP addressing

MAC Sublayer In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, media access control (MAC) data communication protocol is a sublayer of the data link layer (layer 2). The MAC sublayer provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multiple access network that incorporates a shared medium, e.g. Ethernet. The hardware that implements the MAC is referred to as a media access controller.   The MAC sublayer acts as an interface between the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the network's physical layer. The MAC layer emulates a full-duplex logical communication channel in a multi-point network. This channel may provide unicast, multicast or broadcast communication service.   MAC Addressing (Media Access Control address) In a local area network (LAN) or other network, the MAC (Media Access Control) address is your computer's unique hardware number. In a local are...

Do Google Assistant work on KaiOS?

Yes Google Assistant can now read, translate text on KaiOS Google on Tuesday announced that now within Google Assistant, KaiOS users in India can use Google Lens to read, translate, and define words. At Google I/O in 2019, the US-based search engine giant brought a camera-based translation to Google Lens to help understand information. With Lens, one can point the camera at text one see and translate it into more than 100 languages and can even speak the words out loud in the preferred language. "We brought these Lens capabilities to Google Go, so even those on the most affordable smartphones can access them. Today we are extending this capability to the millions of Google Assistant users on KaiOS devices in India," the company said in a statement. It is currently available in English and several Indian languages, including Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, and Tamil, and will soon be available in Kannada and Gujarati. Users can simply press the right soft key ...